How does writing relate to speech? What impact does it have on social organisation and development? How do unwritten languages differ from those that have a written form and tradition? This book is a general account of the place of writing in society. Drawing on contemporary and historical examples, from clay tablets to touchscreen displays, the book explores the functions of writing and written language, analysing its consequences for language, society, economy and politics. It examines the social causes of illiteracy, demonstrating that institutions of central importance to modern society are built upon writing and written texts, and are characterised by specific forms of communication. It explores the social dimensions of spelling and writing reform, as well as of digital literacy, a new mode of expression and communication posing novel challenges to the student of language in society.

An essential toolkit for language teachers who need to design language courses for working professionals, vocational schools, undergraduate and graduate students. Needs Analysis for Language Course Design is a handbook for those who prepare and teach courses in ESP. The book shows the reader how needs analysis can be used to create a detailed profile of the professional learner and how this profile can then be used to tailor make a course in language and communication for working professionals and for those studying towards a professional or vocational qualification.

The former Soviet empire spanned eleven time zones and contained half the world's forests; vast deposits of oil, gas and coal; various ores; major rivers such as the Volga, Don and Angara; and extensive biodiversity. These resources and animals, as well as the people who lived in the former Soviet Union — Slavs, Armenians, Georgians, Azeris, Kazakhs and Tajiks, indigenous Nenets and Chukchi — were threatened by environmental degradation and extensive pollution. This environmental history of the former Soviet Union explores the impact that state economic development programs had on the environment. The authors consider the impact of Bolshevik ideology on the establishment of an extensive system of nature preserves, the effect of Stalinist practices of industrialization and collectivization on nature, and the rise of public involvement under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, and changes to policies and practices with the rise of Gorbachev and the break-up of the USSR.

Making Connections teaches an extensive range of reading skills and strategies in order to prepare students for college reading. Making Connections Third edition Level 3 Student's Book develops key reading skills and strategies such as recognizing patterns of textual organization, understanding how writers create connections within and across sentences, and learning how to process academic language and vocabulary. It features high-interest topics, including health, immigration, language learning, and the environment.

Making Connections teaches an extensive range of reading skills and strategies in order to prepare students for college reading. Making Connections Third edition Level 3 Teacher's Manual contains teaching suggestions for each activity type as well as a complete answer key. Photocopiable unit tests contain additional thematic readings and assess how well students have learned the unit's reading skills and the unit's target vocabulary.

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. Eighteen-year-old Francesca comes to England to achieve her life-long ambition of learning to fly. The first lessons go really well and Doug, her instructor, describes her as a natural pilot. But when Doug's actions lead Francesca to question his motives, she starts to lose her confidence. Her dream of independence in the sky is in danger.

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. New York private investigator Nat Marley meets a stranger who is celebrating his release from prison after a ten-year sentence. The man wants to trace an old friend and reclaim the money which the friend is holding for him. Finding the 'friend' turns out to be relatively easy, but getting hold of the money is quite another matter.

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. New York private investigator Nat Marley meets a stranger who is celebrating his release from prison after a ten-year sentence. The man wants to trace an old friend and reclaim the money which the friend is holding for him. Finding the 'friend' turns out to be relatively easy, but getting hold of the money is quite another matter.

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. Alexandria, Egypt. Anika and Zaphira are sitting at a seafront cafe. Suddenly, there is a huge explosion which knocks them over and changes their lives for ever. Both teenage girls learn a lot about each other as they struggle to survive, and to understand what has happened and why. And their combined strength is a surprise to the men they come up against.

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. Secret agent Ian Munro is sent to the islands of the Caribbean to discover what two notorious terrorists are doing there. He tracks down the men and their beautiful female accomplice, and then follows them as they put their plan to dominate the world into action. How can he stop them? And what about the kidnapped boy and his nuclear scientist father?

Award-winning original fiction for learners of English. At seven levels, from Starter to Advanced, this impressive selection of carefully graded readers offers exciting reading for every student's capabilities. Secret agent Ian Munro is sent to the islands of the Caribbean to discover what two notorious terrorists are doing there. He tracks down the men and their beautiful female accomplice, and then follows them as they put their plan to dominate the world into action. How can he stop them? And what about the kidnapped boy and his nuclear scientist father?

The new graded readers series of original fiction, adapted fiction and factbooks especially written for teenagers. Lucho and Eva are paired together for a History project. The first stage is to draw a 'Mind Map' of all their ideas. But Lucho's mind map has a mind of its own and starts to grow. The map leads Lucho and Eva on an adventure involving the ancient theft of gold in a lost city in the Colombian jungle.

Kid's Box is a six-level course for young learners. Bursting with bright ideas to inspire both teachers and students, Kid's Box gives children a confident start to learning English, fully covering the syllabus for the Cambridge Young Learners English (YLE) tests. These Level 6 posters aid revision by giving pupils the chance to practise unit language in a different context. This pack includes four double-sided posters and clear teaching notes.

Face2face Second edition is the flexible, easy-to-teach course for busy teachers who want to get their adult and young adult learners to speak and listen with confidence. The DVD-ROM in the Student's Book includes consolidation activities and an electronic portfolio for learners to track their progress, with customisable tests and grammar and vocabulary reference sections. The Online Workbook provides all of the workbook content plus additional multimedia in a package that supports independent study. It offers a classroom without walls for schools that wish to take their teaching into the digital age, allowing teachers to communicate with students and track their progress. The content can be accessed via a Learning Management System and can be viewed on tablet devices such as iPad.

Face2face Second edition is the flexible, easy-to-teach course for busy teachers who want to get their adult and young adult learners to communicate with confidence. The fully updated and redesigned Advanced Student's Book provides 80-120 hours of material. It comes with a free DVD-ROM that includes consolidation activities and an electronic portfolio for learners to track their progress with customisable tests and grammar and vocabulary reference sections. This Second edition Student's Book includes a bank of extra video lessons (available on the Teacher's DVD) and 9 additional Writing lessons. The vocabulary selection is informed by the English Vocabulary Profile and Cambridge Learner Corpus.

Face2face Second edition is the flexible, easy-to-teach course for busy teachers who want to get their adult and young adult learners to communicate with confidence. The Advanced Teacher's Book offers detailed teaching notes for every lesson, keys to exercises, and extra teaching tips. It provides a whole host of photocopiable worksheets including Class Activities, Vocabulary Plus, Help with Listening and unit by unit Progress Tests. There is also a comprehensive map of the Student's Book content to the CEFR and a photocopiable guide to the Student's Book DVD-ROM. The accompanying free Teacher's DVD has all the video for classroom presentation to use with the Student's Book bank of Video Worksheets, as well as the entire content of the Teacher's Book in PDF format.

Face2face Second edition is the flexible, easy-to-teach course for busy teachers who want to get their adult and young adult learners to communicate with confidence. Face2face Second edition is informed by Cambridge English Corpus and the English Vocabulary Profile, meaning students learn the language they really need at each CEFR level. The Advanced Workbook without Key is ideal for setting homework tasks to consolidate the learning in the Student's Book. The Workbook offers additional consolidation activities and a Reading and Writing Portfolio for extra skills practice, and a list of 'Can do' statements helps students to track their own progress in reading and writing.

Face2face Second edition is the flexible, easy-to-teach course for busy teachers who want to get their adult and young adult learners to communicate with confidence. Face2face Second edition is informed by Cambridge English Corpus and the English Vocabulary Profile, meaning students learn the language they really need at each CEFR level. The Advanced Workbook with Key is ideal for self-study, offering additional consolidation activities and a Reading and Writing Portfolio for extra skills practice. A list of 'Can do' statements helps students to track their own progress in reading and writing and the pull-out answer key gives added flexibility.

Viewpoint is an innovative course that's based on extensive research into the Cambridge English Corpus, taking students to a higher level of proficiency to become effective communicators. Viewpoint Level 2 Workbook provides follow-up exercises for each lesson in the Level 2 Student's Book, providing additional practice of vocabulary, grammar, and conversation strategies, as well extra reading, writing and listening activities.

This second edition updates a course which has proven to be a perfect fit for classes the world over. Engaging content and a strong focus on grammar and vocabulary combine to make this course a hit with both teachers and students. Popular course features have been refreshed with new content, including the imaginative reading and listening topics, 'Culture in Mind', and 'Everyday English' sections. New for the second edition is a DVD-ROM with the Starter Level Student's Book containing games, extra exercises and videos featuring the photostories' characters as well as a 'Videoke' record-yourself function. There is a full 'Vocabulary bank' at the back of the book which expands upon lexical sets learned in the units.