The municipal codes of well over a dozen countries expressly provide for the application of the general principles of law in the absence of specific legal provisions or of custom, and the Statute of the International Court of Justice stipulates that 'the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations' constitute one of the sources of international law to be applied by the Court; but the exact meaning and scope of this section of the Statute have always been a subject of controversy amongst international lawyers. In this printing of his classic 1953 work, Professor Bin Cheng inquires into the practical application of these principles by international courts and tribunals since the beginning of modern international arbitration with the Jay Treaty of 1794, and presents them as a coherent body of fundamental principles that in fact furnish the international legal system with its juridical basis. Citations from nearly 600 international arbitral and judicial decisions amply testify to the role of these principles in the international legal system and illustrate their application in practically every important field of international law.

Making Progress to First Certificate is a course leading students up to the level required to begin a First Certificate exam-directed course, such as New Progress to First Certificate. It introduces the skills needed for each paper of the exam, and begins to familiarise students with the sort of tasks they will encounter in it, as well as providing an entertaining and worthwhile course for anyone who simply needs to make progress at this level. Key Features of Making Progress to First Certificate include: twenty-four short topic-based units five Revision Units to practise and recycle new language an abundance of exercises and puzzles practising useful new vocabulary, phrasal verbs and idioms interesting texts that will motivate students to read for pleasure, with exercises to get the most out of the new vocabulary, grammar and style found in them authentic interviews with people from a range of different backgrounds thorough grammar practice to build students' confidence with more complex tasks and texts a grammar reference section with examples and explanations of the basic rules full coverage of speaking, listening, reading and writing skills pronunciation sections to help students to improve their pronunciation of English sounds, and use rhythm and intonation appropriately an introduction to the skills and task types students will meet in the First Certificate examination.

Advanced Grammar in Use second edition is a fully updated version of the successful grammar title. The new edition focuses on the complexities of grammatical choices important for an advanced understanding of English. This new edition: # contains 100 units of grammar reference and practice materials including seven completely NEW units • Includes NEW additional exercises, appendices and coverage more specifically aimed at the advanced learner # has a comprehensive Basic Grammar Reference to allow learners to check language areas they have already studied • is informed by the Cambridge International Corpus to ensure the language is authentic and up-to-date ® provides ideal support for students preparing for Cambridge Advanced Examination in English, Cambridge Proficiency or the IELTS examination

A fully updated version of the highly successful Advanced Grammar in Use — extra practice is also available on a new interactive CD-ROM to accompany the book. This is the book and CD ROM pack.

New interchange is the second edition of Interchange, one of the world's most successful English courses for adult and young adult learners at the beginning to intermediate levels. New Interchange incorporates suggestions from students and teachers using the first edition from around the world. It offers more comprehensive grammar presentation and practice, more opportunities to develop listening skills and build fluency, as well as fresh new content in every unit. New Interchange features high-interest topics, a focus on both accuracy and fluency, and a multi-skills syllabus integrating themes, structures, functions, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The underlying philosophy of the course is that language is best learned when used for meaningful communication. New Interchange is written in American English, but reflects the fact that English is the major language of international communication, and is not limited to any one country, region, or culture.

Grammar in Practice 5 is a book for busy people who want to practise grammar in a quick and fun way. Enjoyable exercises based on real-world situations Quick to do Tests after every 10 units With answers Informed by the Cambridge International Corpus.

face2face is a general English course for adults and young adults who want to learn to communicate quickly and effectively in today's world. Based on the communicative approach, it combines the best in current methodology with special new features designed to make learning and teaching easier. Vocabulary and grammar are given equal importance and there is a strong focus on listening and speaking in social situations. face2face is fully compatible with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and gives students regular opportunities to evaluate their progress. face2face Pre-intermediate takes the students well into B1. The Student's Book comes packaged with a free fully-interactive CD-ROM/Audio CD with over 200 exercises in all language areas, including video, games, recording capability, progress chart and customised tests. There is also a selection of material from the Real World lessons which can be listened to on normal CD players. The Workbook contains: • Self-study exercises for every lesson of the Student's Book. • Full Answer Key. • References to the interactive Language Summary at the back of the Student's Book. • A 24-page Reading and Writing Portfolio linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. • A comprehensive list of 'Can do' statements allowing students to track their own progress.

English in Medicine is a well-established course for doctors, medical students and other medical professionals who have to communicate in English with patients, their relatives and other medical colleagues. Each of the seven units focuses on one area of doctor-patient communication, from history talcing and examination to diagnosis and treatment. The course is at an intermediate language level and does not require specialist knowledge of medicine on the part of the teacher. Key features of the course: • development of all four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing • a wide variety of tasks and a systematic approach to language development • histories based on authentic cases drawn from specialisms ranging from neurology to ophthalmology • up-to-date text sources that include journal articles and the internet • a complete tapescript and answer key • a list of language functions, medical abbreviations and useful addresses The Third Edition has been updated to take account of developments in medicine and the impact of new information technology. The course is also now in full colour.

Business Goals is a three-level course in communicative English for students learning English for business purposes. Business Goals 3 aims to give Intermediate students the language and confidence to use English in a wide range of business and social situations. The carefully graded syllabus introduces functional language and vocabulary in manageable amounts through realistic business situations. Learners are provided with many opportunities for communicative spoken practice through realistic and motivating activities. With a focus on listening and speaking, Business Goals 3 will help build confidence in using English in areas such as telephoning, meetings, presentations, job interviews, talking about business news and Key features: — emphasis on useful language in realistic business situations; — realistic and motivating communication activities; — language and vocabulary files providing language support, both reference and practice with a wide range of accents; — regular review sections to aid recycling of new language; — team communication.

«Touchstone is a groundbreaking new series that offers a fresh approach to teaching and learning North American English. It draws on the Cambridge International Corpus, a large database of conversations and written texts, to build a syllabus based on how people actually use English. The series introduces unique «conversation management» strategies, places special emphasis on teaching vocabulary and vocabulary-learning strategies, and offers exciting ideas for personalized, learner-centered interaction. Key Features • Grammar presented in natural contexts ¦ Vocabulary-learning strategies ¦ Strategies for managing conversation ¦ Inductive learning tasks ¦ Useful facts about spoken language ¦ Personalized speaking and writing practice ¦ Communicative pronunciation activities ¦ Listening strategies ¦ Reading that leads to realistic writing tasks ¦ Clear learning aims • Self-assessment tools • Self-study Audio CD/CD-ROM for Windows® and Macintosh® The four levels of Touchstone take adult and young adult learners from the beginning through the intermediate levels of proficiency. Student's Book 2 is designed for high beginners and teaches grammar, vocabulary, and conversation strategies for everyday interaction.»

A fully updated version of the highly successful Advanced Grammar in Use — extra practice is also available on a new interactive CD-ROM to accompany the book. This is the without answers edition.

«A series of ELT readers for young learners of English. Mr Mulch says, «Don't touch my pen ...»

Business Goals is a three-level short course in communicative English for business purposes. The Business Goals 1 Workbook follows the syllabus of the Student's book and provides extra practise of listening, speaking, reading and writing. In addition, the Workbook presents students with the types of task found in the BEC exam. The Workbook comes with an audio CD and contains full transcripts of all recordings. Model answers for speaking tasks are included on the audio.

Business Goals is a three-level short course in communicative English for business purposes. The Business Goals 2 Workbook follows the syllabus of the Student's Book and provides extra practice of listening, speaking, reading and writing. In addition, the Workbook helps to prepare students for the BEC Preliminary exam by presenting them with BEC style tasks and offering useful tips on how to perform better in the exam. Details of which exercises in each unit relate to which part of the BEC exam can be found on the contents page. The Workbook also comes with a free audio CD and contains full transcripts of all recordings. Model answers for speaking and writing tasks are also included.

Business Goals is a three-level course in communicative Business English. Each Students Book provides 30 core hours of class work extendable to over 60 hours using the additional material provided. Functional language, vocabulary and grammar are introduced in manageable amounts. With a focus on listening and speaking, learners are given the opportunity to build their confidence in areas such as telephoning, ordering, networking and dealing with problems in authentic business contexts. The Business Goals Workbooks provide extra practice in all four skills and are also valuable for students preparing for the BEC examinations, with BEC-style activities and exam advice. Each Workbook comes with an audio CD and contains full transcripts of all recordings. Model answers for speaking tasks are included on the CD.

Business Goals is a three-level course in communicative Business English. Each Student? s Book provides 30 core hours of class work extendable to over 60 hours using the additional material provided. Functional language, vocabulary and grammar are introduced in manageable amounts. With a focus on listening and speaking, learners are given the opportunity to build their confidence in areas such as telephoning, ordering, networking and dealing with problems in authentic business contexts. The Business Goals Workbooks provide extra practice in all four skills and are also valuable for students preparing for the BEC examinations, with BEC-style activities and exam advice. Each Workbook comes with an audio CD and contains full transcripts of all recordings. Model answers for speaking tasks are included on the CD.

Business Start-up is a two-level course for beginners and false beginners who need English for their work. It takes low-level students up to the point where they can start preparing for the BEC Preliminary Examination (early B1 level) and provides a solid foundation for further learning. The Student's Books bring reality to even the most basic levels of language learning through the presentation of natural language in authentic contexts, a regular focus on real companies and products, and practice in the communication skills that professionals really need. The A5 size Workbooks come with a CD-ROM/Audio CD offering self-study grammar and vocabulary activities, as well as listening practice on the move. The Teacher's Books include full classroom notes, additional communicative practice activities and regular progress tests, plus an end of course/placement test.

Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English 4 contains four complete tests for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) examination from Cambridge ESOL. These past examination papers provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. Attractive colour visual material for Paper 5 is included with each test, enabling students to prepare thoroughly for the paired interview. The Student's Book is also available as a 'with answers' edition which contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it suitable for self study.

Cambridge IELTS 4 provides students with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with IELTS and to practise examination techniques using authentic test material from Cambridge ESOL. This collection contains four complete tests for Academic candidates, plus extra Reading and Writing modules for General Training candidates. An introduction to these different modules is included in each book, together with an explanation of the scoring system used by Cambridge ESOL. A comprehensive section of answers and tapescripts makes the material ideal for students working partly or entirely on their own.