An exciting new series that covers the five Paper 2 topics of the IB 20th Century World History syllabus. This coursebook covers Paper 2, Topic 1, Causes, practices and effects of wars, in the 20th Century World History syllabus for the IB History programme. It is divided into thematic sections, following the IB syllabus structure and is written in clear, accessible English. It covers the following areas for detailed study: First World War (1914-18); Second World War (1939-45); Asia and Oceania: Chinese Civil War (1927-37 and 1946-9); and Europe and Middle East: Spanish Civil War (1936-9). Tailored to the requirements and assessment objectives of the IB syllabus, it allows students to make comparisons between different regions and time periods.

Students often struggle to understand linguistic concepts through examples of language data provided in class or in texts. Presented with ambiguous information, students frequently respond that they do not 'get it'. The solution is to find an example of humour that relies on the targeted ambiguity. Once they laugh at the joke, they have tacitly understood the concept, and then it is only a matter of explaining why they found it funny. Utilizing cartoons and jokes illustrating linguistic concepts, this book makes it easy to understand these concepts, while keeping the reader's attention and interest. Organized like a course textbook in linguistics, it covers all the major topics in a typical linguistics survey course, including communication systems, phonetics and phonology, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, language use, discourses, child language acquisition and language variation, while avoiding technical terminology.

This book describes in much detail both how and why franchising works. It also analyses the economic tensions that contribute to conflict in the franchisor-franchisee relationship. The treatment includes a great deal of empirical evidence on franchising, its importance in various segments of the economy, the terms of franchise contracts and what we know about how all these have evolved over time, especially in the U.S. market. A good many myths are dispelled in the process. The economic analysis of the franchisor-franchisee relationship begins with the observation that for franchisors, franchising is a contractual alternative to vertical integration. Subsequently, the tensions that arise between a franchisor and its franchisees, who in fact are owners of independent businesses, are examined in turn. In particular the authors discuss issues related to product quality control, tying arrangements, pricing, location and territories, advertising, and termination and renewals.

Do you need to supplement an EAP course with fun, interactive activities that address the serious aspirations of academically-focussed students? Communicative Activities for EAP provides innovative EAP teaching ideas suitable for a wide range of contexts. This is an invaluable handbook for new, experienced or relief teachers of language support programmes, as well as for those teaching intensive language courses for undergraduate and postgraduate students in EFL and ESL/EAL contexts. The key principles of communication in the classroom, authenticity in terms of tasks and texts, learner autonomy, and critical thinking and analysis underpin all the activities, and typical academic topics are used as examples in every case. For ease of access, the activities are organised into six chapters: Speaking, Listening, Reading, Writing, Vocabulary development and Grammar. The accompanying CD-ROM contains a bank of print-ready photocopiable material.

Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English 4 Student's Book contains four complete past papers for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) examination from Cambridge ESOL. These genuine past examination papers provide candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the CAE examination and to practise examination techniques. This Student's Book 'without answers' is ideal for classroom use. A Student's Book 'with answers', an Audio CD set and a Self-study Pack are also available.

Nice Talking with You is a two-level oral communication series designed to get students talking. Nice Talking with You Level 1 is designed for false beginner students. It contains 12 topic-based units and two review units. Topics include Shopping, Music, Travel, Free time, and Work. Practical conversation strategies are introduced in each unit and recycled in later units. Examples of strategies featured in Nice Talking with You Level 1 are beginning and ending a conversation, showing interest, getting time to think, agreeing, and disagreeing.

'Touchstone' is a ground-breaking new series that offers a fresh approach to teaching and learning North American English. It draws on the Cambridge International Corpus, a large database of conversations and written texts, to build a syllabus based on how people actually use English. The series introduces unique conversation management strategies, places special emphasis on teaching vocabulary and vocabulary-learning strategies, and offers exciting ideas for personalized, learner-centered.

'Touchstone' is a ground-breaking new series that offers a fresh approach to teaching and learning North American English. It draws on the Cambridge International Corpus, a large database of conversations and written texts, to build a syllabus based on how people actually use English. The series introduces unique conversation management strategies, places special emphasis on teaching vocabulary and vocabulary-learning strategies, and offers exciting ideas for personalized, learner-centered.

In Russian history, the twentieth century was an era of unprecedented, radical transformations — changes in social systems, political regimes, and economic structures. A number of distinctive literary schools emerged, each with their own voice, specific artistic character, and ideological background. As a single-volume compendium, the Companion provides a new perspective on Russian literary and cultural development, as it unifies both emigre literature and literature written in Russia. This volume concentrates on broad, complex, and diverse sources — from symbolism and revolutionary avant-garde writings to Stalinist, post-Stalinist, and post-Soviet prose, poetry, drama, and emigre literature, with forays into film, theatre, and literary policies, institutions and theories. The contributors present recent scholarship on historical and cultural contexts of twentieth-century literary development, and situate the most influential individual authors within these contexts, including Boris Pasternak, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, Osip Mandelstam, Mikhail Bulgakov and Anna Akhmatova.

This textbook is designed to be used in an advanced undergraduate course. The approach of this text is to teach monetary economics using the classical paradigm of rational agents in a market setting. Too often monetary economics has been taught as a collection of facts about existing institutions for students to memorize. By teaching from first principles instead, the authors aim to instruct students not only in the monetary policies and institutions that exist today in the United States and Canada, but also in what policies and institutions may or should exist tomorrow and elsewhere. The text builds on a simple, clear monetary model and applies this framework consistently to a wide variety of monetary questions. The authors have added in this third edition new material on money as a means of replacing imperfect social record keeping, the role of currency in banking panics and a description of the policies implemented to deal with the banking crises that began in 2007.

When is language considered 'impolite'? Is impolite language only used for anti-social purposes? Can impolite language be creative? What is the difference between 'impoliteness' and 'rudeness'? Grounded in naturally-occurring language data and drawing on findings from linguistic pragmatics and social psychology, Jonathan Culpeper provides a fascinating account of how impolite behaviour works. He examines not only its forms and functions but also people's understandings of it in both public and private contexts. He reveals, for example, the emotional consequences of impoliteness, how it shapes and is shaped by contexts, and how it is sometimes institutionalised. This book offers penetrating insights into a hitherto neglected and poorly understood phenomenon. It will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics and social psychology in particular.

American English in Mind is an integrated, four-skills course for beginner to advanced teenage learners of American English. The American English in Mind Starter Workbook provides language and skills practice for each Student's Book unit. The Workbook can be used both in the classroom and at home. Listening exercises utilize audio tracks found on the DVD-ROM accompanying the Student's Book.

This edited volume develops a theoretical framework for validating tests of second language ability. The chapter authors show how an understanding and analysis of the framework and its components can assist test developers to operationalise their tests more effectively, especially in relation to the key criteria that differentiate one proficiency level from another. The book provides an up-to-date review of the relevant literature on assessing speaking, an accessible and systematic description of the different proficiency levels in second language speaking and a comprehensive and coherent basis for validating tests of speaking. It will be of considerable interest to examination boards who wish to validate their own speaking tests in a systematic and coherent manner, as well as to academic researchers and graduate students in the field of language assessment more generally.

Four Corners is an integrated four-skills English course for adults and young adults. Four Corners Student's Book with Self-study CD-ROM, Level 3 is designed for low intermediate students requiring a thorough presentation of basic grammar, vocabulary, and functional language. The twelve units cover high-interest topics such as style, interesting lives, our world, personalities, and the environment. In Four Corners, multiple speaking activities in every lesson tied to measurable outcomes help students and teachers see the results of their learning. Additional 'Keep Talking' activities help students develop fluency. As with other levels of Four Corners, an extensive set of print and electronic course components is available to help develop students' communication and confidence.

Four Corners is an integrated four-skills English course for adults and young adults. Four Corners Workbook, Level 3 has eight-page units that can be used in class or for homework. Each unit provides students with additional vocabulary, grammar, functional language, and reading practice.

The new graded readers series of original fiction, adapted fiction and factbooks especially written for teenagers. Alice is an Agony Aunt on her school website. Students write to her with their problems and she answers them. But how can Alice give advice when she's got so many problems of her own? This paperback is in British English.

The series helps students gain insight into how academic text is organized and how to read effectively. Making Connections Low Intermediate is a reading skills book that introduces students to some basic skills and strategies for academic reading. Students then practice these skills in high-interest thematic units, each of which has multiple readings. The readings are written in an accessible academic discourse style, providing ideal practice for low-intermediate-level students who will eventually need to access authentic academic text.

The new graded readers series of original fiction, adapted fiction and factbooks especially written for teenagers. Southampton, England, 1912. Hannah Frost's father is in America and her mother and brother are leaving Southampton to join him. However, Hannah is recovering from a serious illness and must rest. She expects to travel with the housekeeper, Marnie, in a few weeks' time, on a new ship called the Titanic. Then, on the day of her trip, Hannah wakes up alone.

This is an invaluable introductory guide for the English student who needs to decipher a page from a play, or a facsimile equivalent, from the Shakespearean period. The original quartos and folios of early play texts are increasingly subject to editorial and critical scrutiny, and electronic facsimiles are making the originals accessible to undergraduate and graduate students. Giddens provides a practical 'how to' guide to the original printed texts of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. He explains how the features of the play text came about, what the different elements mean, and who created them. The book provides that important first step towards bibliography and critical editing, presenting a detailed account of how to read these early texts and how they have been turned into the modern editions we are accustomed to.

A unique introduction to the design, analysis, and presentation of scientific projects, this is an essential textbook for undergraduate majors in science and mathematics. The textbook gives an overview of the main methods used in scientific research, including hypothesis testing, the measurement of functional relationships, and observational research. It describes important features of experimental design, such as the control of errors, instrument calibration, data analysis, laboratory safety, and the treatment of human subjects. Important concepts in statistics are discussed, focusing on standard error, the meaning of p values, and use of elementary statistical tests. The textbook introduces some of the main ideas in mathematical modeling, including order-of-magnitude analysis, function fitting, Fourier transforms, recursion relations, and difference approximations to differential equations. It also provides guidelines on accessing scientific literature, and preparing scientific papers and presentations.