American Criminal Justice Policy examines many of the most prominent criminal justice policies on the American landscape and finds that they fall well short of achieving the accountability and effectiveness that policymakers have advocated and that the public expects. The policies include mass incarceration, sex offender laws, supermax prisons, faith-based prisoner reentry programs, transfer of juveniles to adult court, domestic violence mandatory arrest laws, drug courts, gun laws, community policing, private prisons, and others. Optimistically, Daniel P. Mears argues that this situation can be changed through systematic incorporation of evaluation research into policy development, monitoring, and assessment. To this end, the book provides a clear and accessible discussion of five types of evaluation — needs, theory, implementation or process, outcome and impact, and cost-efficiency. It identifies how these can be used both to hold the criminal justice system accountable and to increase the effectiveness of crime control and crime prevention efforts.

Using Chinese Synonyms is an essential reference book, specifically designed for non-native speakers of Chinese, and for teachers and other language professionals who want a user-friendly guide to the finer nuances of Chinese synonyms. It contains approximately 1700 synonyms in 316 groups. With the particular needs of non-native speakers of Chinese in mind, this invaluable book selects and explains words and phrases in everyday use, allowing students to enhance their knowledge of one of the most important and widely-spoken languages in the world. This book assists in the development of fluent, spontaneous and skilful use of Chinese synonyms.

The Obama administration aims to lay a sound foundation for growth by investing in high-speed rail, clean energy, information technology, drinking water, and other vital infrastructures. The idea is to partner with the private sector to produce these public goods. An Obama government bank will direct these investments, making project decisions based on the merits of each project, not on politics. This approach has been a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for several decades. In fact, our government-led reinvestment in America is modeled explicitly on international public banks and partnerships. However, although this foreign commercial policy is well-established with many successes, it has also been deservedly controversial and divisive. This book describes the international experience, drawing lessons on how the Obama Bank can forge partnerships to promote a durable twenty-first-century New Deal.

The emergence of EU Private Law as an independent legal discipline is one of the most significant developments in European legal scholarship in recent times. In this Companion, leading scholars provide a critical introduction to the subject's key areas, while offering original and thought-provoking comment on the field. In addition to several chapters on consumer law topics, the collection has individual chapters on commercial contracts, competition law, non-discrimination law, financial services and travel law. It also discusses the wider issues concerning EU Private Law, such as its historical evolution, the role of comparative law, language and terminology, as well as the implications of the Common Frame of Reference project. A useful 'scene-setting' introduction and further reading arranged thematically make this important publication the student's and scholar's first port of call when exploring the field.

The Victorian era produced artistic achievements, technological inventions and social developments that continue to shape how we live today. This Companion offers authoritative coverage of that period's culture and its contexts in a group of specially commissioned essays reflecting the current state of research in each particular field. Covering topics from music to politics, art to technology, war to domestic arts, journalism to science, the essays address multiple aspects of the Victorian world. The book explores what 'Victorian' has come to mean and how an idea of the 'Victorian' might now be useful to historians of culture. It explores too the many different meanings of 'culture' itself in the nineteenth century and in contemporary scholarship. An invaluable resource for students of literature, history, and interdisciplinary studies, this Companion analyses the nature of nineteenth-century British cultural life and offers searching perspectives on their culture as seen from ours.

Victorian poetry was read and enjoyed by a much larger audience than is sometimes thought. Publication in widely-circulating periodicals, reprinting in book reviews, and excerpting in novels and essays ensured that major poets such as Tennyson, Browning, Hardy and Rossetti were household names, and they remain popular today. The Cambridge Introduction to Victorian Poetry provides an accessible overview of British poetry from 1830 to 1901, paying particular attention to its role in mass media print culture. Designed to interest both students and scholars, the book traces lively dialogues between poets and explains poets' choices of form, style and language. It also demonstrates poetry's relevance to Victorian debates on science, social justice, religion, imperialism, and art. Featuring a glossary of literary terms, a guide to further reading, and two examples of close readings of Victorian poems, this introduction is the ideal starting-point for the study of verse in the nineteenth century.

The only textbook to provide a complete introduction to post-1989 Central and Eastern European politics, this dynamic volume provides a comprehensive account of the collapse of communism and the massive transformation that the region has witnessed. It brings together 23 leading specialists to trace the course of the dramatic changes accompanying democratization. The text provides country-by-country coverage, identifying common themes and enabling students to see which are shared throughout the area, giving them a sense of its unity and comparability whilst strengthening understanding around its many different trajectories. The dual thematic focus on democratisation and Europeanisation running through the text also helps to reinforce this learning process. Each chapter contains a factual overview to give the reader context concerning a region which they may have never previously studied, but are sure to find fascinating.

Customary international law, although long recognized as a primary source of international law, remains replete with enigmas, both conceptual and practical. These include how to determine the existence of opinio juris, the function of the state practice requirement, the definition of jus cogens customary norms, and the relationship between customary international law and ethics. In part because of these enigmas, the subject has generated a wide-ranging literature. However, no recent book-length work has attempted to articulate a comprehensive theory of customary international law that can effectively resolve these questions. This book sets out to accomplish this goal. Its approach is unique in a number of ways. For example, it is multidisciplinary and draws insights from fields such as legal theory, philosophy, political science, and game theory. In addition, it is anchored in a sophisticated ethical framework and explores at length the interconnections between customary international law and ethics.

Explains and illustrates how teachers can use corpora to create classroom materials and activities to address specific class needs. Using Corpora in the Language Classroom shows teachers how to use corpora and corpus tools to expand student learning. Together with its companion website, this teacher-friendly book demystifies corpus linguistics with clear explanations, instructions and examples. It provides the essential knowledge, tools, and skills teachers need to enable students to discover how language is really used. Clear and concise, this volume provides: — An overview of corpus linguistics; — Clear explanations of terminology; — Tasks and activities that invite readers to interact with the material; — Principled instructions for creating classroom materials and activities, including how to create corpora to address specific class needs.

After expanding steadily for centuries, science is reaching its limits to growth. We can no longer afford the ever increasing cost of exploring ever wider research opportunities. In the competition for resources, science is becoming much more tightly organised. A radical, pervasive and permanent structural change is taking place. It already affects the whole research system, from everyday laboratory life to national budgets. The scientific enterprise cannot avoid fundamental change, but excessive managerial insistence on accountability, evaluation, priority setting, etc. can be very inhospitable to expertise, innovation, criticism and creativity. Can the research system be reshaped without losing many features that have made science so productive? This trenchant analysis of a deep-rooted historical process does not assume any technical knowledge of the natural sciences, their history, philosophy, sociology or politics. It is addressed to everybody who is concerned about the future of science and its place in society.

Research consistently suggests that 1.0 to 2.6% of radiology reports contain serious errors, many of which are avoidable, and it is clear that all radiologists can struggle with the basic questions as to whether a study is normal or abnormal. Pearls and Pitfalls in Abdominal Imaging presents over 100 conditions in the abdomen and pelvis which can commonly cause confusion and mismanagement in daily radiological practice, providing a focused textbook that can be readily used to avoid wrong diagnoses and prevent incorrect management or even malpractice litigation. It includes 700 figures and covers all the major modalities including CT, PET/CT and MRI. The pearls and pitfalls include artifacts, anatomic variants, mimics, and a miscellany of diagnoses that are under-recognized or only recently described. Conditions are presented in anatomic order from diaphragm to the symphysis pubis, with grouping by location and organ system.

Informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus, and providing an official PET past exam paper from Cambridge ESOL, Complete PET is the most authentic exam preparation course available. Each unit of the Student's Book covers one part of each PET paper and provides thorough exam practice. Grammar and vocabulary exercises target areas that cause most problems for PET candidates, based on data from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, taken from real candidate scripts. The CD-ROM provides additional exam-style practice. A Student's Book without answers with CD-ROM, a Teacher's Book, Workbooks (with and without answers) and Class Audio CDs are also available.

The performance of public services is now more closely scrutinised than ever before. Every teacher, doctor, social worker or probation officer knows that behind them stands a restless army of overseers, equipped with a panoply of league tables, star ratings, user opinion surveys, performance indicators and the like with which to judge them. This increased scrutiny and performance measurement has undoubtedly produced improved public services. Yet we still have a limited understanding about how this information can be best used to bring about improvements in performance. What goes on inside the 'black box' of public organisations to move from information to action, or from 'knowing' to doing? This book tackles this important question by reviewing a wide range of performance mechanisms. It explores how information about performance can be translated into improvements in services and, conversely, why this does not always happen in practice.

The second in the family of best-selling vocabulary reference and practice books from elementary to advanced level. Vocabulary is clearly presented and contextualized on left-hand pages with practice activities on facing right-hand pages. This top-selling vocabulary book is now available with a CD-ROM offering hundreds of completely new exercises. The CD-ROM has a built-in dictionary with full definitions and example sentences of key vocabulary. Students can listen to audio recordings, create their own tests and make personal notes within the dictionary.

Full-colour preparation material for the 2007 updated Cambridge Young Learners English Tests. Fun activities balanced with exam-style questions practise all the areas of the syllabus in a communicative way. The material is specifically designed to focus on those areas most likely to cause problems for young learners at these levels.

English Grammar in Use Third Edition is a fully updated version of the classic grammar title. It retains the key features of clarity and accessibility which have made the book so popular. This third edition: has 10 completely new units, including 9 new units on phrasal verbs to more thoroughly cover this important area for intermediate students; has even more Additional Exercises, to offer more contrastive practice; is in full colour and has a slightly larger format to look clearer and more inviting for students. The with answers version of the book is packaged with the CD-ROM. This exciting and substantial new CD-ROM: has a diagnostic test to help students identify areas to practice; has extra exercises for all the units in the book; allows users to make their own tests from a bank of contrastive exercises; has recordings of all the main exercises so users can practice their pronunciation; includes a link to Cambridge Dictionaries Online so students can look up any words they need.

Complete CAE is a course for the 2008 updated CAE exam. Informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus and providing a complete CAE exam paper specially prepared by Cambridge ESOL, it is the most authentic exam preparation course available. This topic-based course covers every part of the CAE exam in detail, ensuring that students are fully equipped to tackle each part of every paper. The Student's Book without answers includes a CD-ROM packed with interactive exercises which enable students to focus on their own particular areas of difficulty and work at their own pace. A 'with answers' edition is also available.

Complete CAE is a course for the 2008 updated CAE exam. Informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus and providing a complete CAE exam paper specially prepared by Cambridge ESOL, it is the most authentic exam preparation course available. This topic-based course covers every part of the CAE exam in detail, ensuring that students are fully equipped to tackle each part of every paper. The Student's Book with answers includes a CD-ROM packed with interactive exercises which enable students to focus on their own particular areas of difficulty and work at their own pace. A 'without answers' edition is also available.

Complete CAE is a course for the 2008 updated CAE exam. Informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus and providing a complete CAE exam paper specially prepared by Cambridge ESOL, it is the most authentic exam preparation course available. This topic-based course covers every part of the CAE exam in detail, ensuring that students are fully equipped to tackle each part of every paper. The Workbook without answers with Audio CD contains extra practice corresponding to the units of the Student's Book. The accompanying CD contains all the audio recordings for the Workbook exercises. A Workbook with answers is also available.

Complete CAE is a course for the 2008 updated CAE exam. Informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus and providing a complete CAE exam paper specially prepared by Cambridge ESOL, it is the most authentic exam preparation course available. This topic-based course covers every part of the CAE exam in detail, ensuring that students are fully equipped to tackle each part of every paper. The Workbook with answers with Audio CD contains extra practice corresponding to the units of the Student's Book. The accompanying CD contains all the audio recordings for the Workbook exercises. A Workbook without answers is also available.